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Agronomic crops, horticultural crops and livestock fodder crops are the focus of agricultural production, however, the influence of various factors on yield and quality of crops, there is nothing more than: soil factors, crop varieties, environment and climate, cultivation and management and pest control. That is referred to as "soil productivity" of any region better, we need to focus on these five factors, from the concept of economic point of view, there is only investment income, so when choosing the best match crop and soil. Soil is the mother of crop production, to enhance soil productivity, types of crops grown in india we must first understand the soil, to know what is the fertile soil, and then going to know what are the disadvantages of soil tillage or limiting factor for crop production, coupled with the improvement of those shortcomings, and eliminate the limiting factor of production, makes it fertile soil. Lack of understanding of factors from soil to understand, from conservation to enhance soil fertility, types of crops grown in india crop production and are ensuring high quality foundation. What is "fertile soil" is to cultivate crops, types of crops grown in india soil medium, so-called "fertile soil" refers to best meet the needs of the soil for crop production, it needs an adequate supply of crops needed "nutrients" and "water" . These nutrients include nitrogen, phosphorus, types of crops grown in india potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, manganese, iron, boron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, chlorine, etc. As for the other functional elements, such as sodium, types of crops grown in india vanadium, cobalt, silicon, selenium and other trace elements, There are differences depending on different needs of plants. In addition to an adequate supply of nutrients and water supply "oxygen" types of crops grown in india also can not be ignored, especially in rainfed perennial crops need Youqie, root crops respiration requires oxygen supply, therefore, soil aeration as in rainfed an important factor. (You can use strong oxidizing solid roots improve soil aeration "Tian types of crops grown in india Wang" and partly administered every 20 ~ 45Kg American high-performance, high retinoic acid than natural "humic acid" in combination with the use of "One quick harvest, III "improve the sandy soil difficult to control the problem of fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer in most soils due to acidification and other elements covalently bonded to cause hardening of the soil, they can enhance the value of the soil fertile soil organic fertilizer than the turn of the aggregate structure) should be able to provide a suitable environment (including biological and non-biological), so that plant roots to function, and provides relief roots stretch pores and balance of the environment (including pH PH, salinity and temperature cushioning EC).
How to enhance soil fertility management of soil to reach Taiwan is located in subtropical types of crops grown in india - tropical, hot, rainy, humid environment, coupled with the use of highly intensive farming soil, and temperate year of a crop is different, resulting in the province of agricultural land prone soil degradation, soil fatigue or bogey disease occurrence, especially in rainfed or vegetables, fruits and soil problems caused by continuous cropping is worthy of attention and add to the research addressed. Every region of the soil, due to climatic conditions, types of crops grown in india farming systems and soil parent materials are different, with different fertilization and management, there will be differences in soil characteristics more or less, and some fertility better, some poor soil fertility, To enhance soil fertility or fertility, we must first know what is wrong with the block field or limiting factors of production exists, the following lists the common soil problems province, from the occurrence of the problem, how to diagnose and how to solve, respectively, as follows: (a ) soil pH and soil acidification phenomenon is not suitable for 1. Problems occur: too sour portion province (pH 5.0 or less) or too alkaline (pH above 7.5) of the soil, the soil is easy to make the transition to the inactive plant nutrients, so that the crop can not adapt, the most common especially in acidification, The reason nothing more than a lot of rain precursors of acid leaching and plant nutrients sucked a lot of positive ions, improper application of excessive acid fertilizer, and organic acids caused by excessive, with poor soil buffering capacity, the more apparent acidification. 2. Diagnostic soil pH: pH Electrode and used litmus paper color assay. When measuring pH, soil should be mixed with water and stirred determination should not be measured in the soil is dry, because the measurement of soil pH is measured hydrogen ion concentration in aqueous solution. 3. Solve the essentials: * applying neutralizer: acid alkaline nature of the soil liming materials (such as fast harvest III, Wang, Tian Wang, agricultural lime, oyster shell powder), and in the soil with organic matter should be applied. Application of acidic alkaline materials (such as sulfur powder, sulfuric acid, etc.), and in the soil should not be excessive, and can be used year after year in a progressive way to improve.
1. Problems occur: Taiwan is located under rainy environment of high temperature and humidity, soil organic matter decompose quickly, especially upland or hillside is the lack of organic matter in arable farmland in the province, about 65% of the organic matter in soil lacking or insufficient organic matter. In the absence of organic matter in the soil, the productivity of rainfed types of crops grown in india or fruit trees will reduce the amount of chemical fertilizers farmers must be increased, resulting in a waste of fertilization, not even to increase productivity, but increase soil diseases types of crops grown in india and environmental pollution. To enhance soil fertilization effect of this problem, it is necessary to proceed from the increase in soil organic matter, can have a multiplier effect. To increase the productivity of rainfed necessary to pay more attention to the maintenance of soil organic types of crops grown in india matter, soil organic matter because of the efficacy of many, be able to:
9 parts of help to the effect of plant growth.
10. The color black absorbs heat and helps in early spring planting. From the above, more than ten points to the effectiveness of the soil, we must increase the organic matter content of the soil. 2. Lack of diagnostic methods of organic types of crops grown in india matter: In addition to sending the relevant agricultural institutions, analysis types of crops grown in india of soil organic matter content, but also can be observed with the naked eye, such as the soil is dry hard, or the color is red, very yellow, no aggregate structure, which may be the lack of organic matter characteristics. The more soil organic matter content, the general color is more dark. 3. Address the lack of organic matter essentials: the need for application of organic or organic fertilizer to increase soil organic matter sources, and planting green manure crops (such as sun hemp, Sesbania, milk vetch, tiger melons, beans, etc.). Cultivation system to be used in crop rotation systems, particularly in the most conducive to enhancing legume crop rotation soil organic matter. In the management should increase coverage, reduce soil erosion and loss of topsoil, which is one method of maintenance of soil organic matter. When converted to rice fields, plowing should be reduced, but the lower the degree types of crops grown in india of soil preparation conditions in rainfed cultivation, preservation types of crops grown in india of soil organic matter on the very favorable. In recent years, the application of high humic acid and fulvic acid ratio of peat soil, increase the stability of soil organic matter quite helpful. (C) a poor soil physical properties. Problems occur: hillside soils common in Taiwan types of crops grown in india or yellow brown red soil, the soil is acidic and the lack of organic matter, very poor physical, aggregate structure needs to be improved, and poor water holding capacity, and even drought-prone, types of crops grown in india which is quite hard when dry, it is Typical poor soil (Please use "Tian Wang", "fast Harvest III," the United States "humic acid" can significantly improve). Soil texture is too thick or too close, will constitute soil problems, water retention difference is too thick, too sticky heavy soil is too dense, types of crops grown in india easy to poor drainage, causing poor root growth. Poor local drainage or groundwater level is too high, easy to make the soil lacks oxygen, dry farming is growing very shallow roots, but also easy to lodging occurred. A drought in some areas and hillside types of crops grown in india phenomenon is more obvious or early drought damage occurs during the dry season, resulting in nutrient malabsorption crops or fruit trees, has become the problem.
3. Poor soil physical properties of solving: * poor drainage: local drainage bad economical way is to select varieties of crops or water, or use Takakuro cultivation. Drainage systems can be simple or subsurface types of crops grown in india drainage drainage type approach should be built in drainage system with particular attention to the efficiency and useful life of the economic drain. * Poor soil structure: poor soil porosity or aggregate structure, generally with Additions of organic matter and lime, as compared types of crops grown in india to alkaline soil organic matter can only apply. Deep soil improvement, use deep plow or pneumatic or hydraulic type, the dark or deep loose soil fertilization. * Sand or soil too Tainian: In addition to choosing to adapt foreign varieties of the crop or poor soil, and the application of new soil organic matter can be used to improve the poor of this texture. Too sand soil fertility and water retention and security are poor, organic matter can vigorously types of crops grown in india Society ribs: soil porosity Tainian the poor, such as mud when wet, dry as stone, types of crops grown in india organic soil aggregate structure can form, increasing types of crops grown in india the porosity to facilitate water or drainage. Foreign soil can make more use of topsoil when building houses, so precious topsoil, buried beneath the building. (D) an imbalance in soil nutrients. Problems occur: unbalanced or excessive types of crops grown in india use of chemical fertilizers or excessive organic fertilizer (especially greenhouse planting), will result in antagonistic effects between the nutrient absorption, metabolism or cause element absorption and metabolism problems caused by vegetation, Whether massive, times the amount of trace elements are not excessive, for example: too much nitrogen, crop and easy leggy, lush foliage, vulnerable to disease, flowering or fruit drop is not easy, not easy to succeed perinatal regulation; make too much phosphorus crop growth is slow, so inadequate absorption types of crops grown in india of trace elements; while potassium is administered too much, then the crop lack of magnesium, calcium, trace elements overuse, the crop poisoning, cause growth disorders. After long-term application of fertilizer, soil nutrients should be noted that if there is an excess of certain elements in order to avoid problems.
2. Nutritional imbalances per diagnosis: types of crops grown in india soil nutrient imbalances can not be seen with the naked eye, but the symptoms can scout out the plants, or to the implant with the chemical analysis of soil analysis and diagnosis can be learned. Soil should regularly analyze diagnostic tests, as important as people's physical examination, especially intensive farming systems, at least once every three to four years required diagnostic check again. Sampling of soil or plant chemical analysis and diagnosis problems, the problem should be taken by representatives types of crops grown in india of the soil or the implant, it is best to be produced next to no problem or soil or near the implant, the more quickly find those who can diagnose where the problem , two separate dispensing package together to send relevant agencies including the Agricultural types of crops grown in india Improvement types of crops grown in india analysis of a college course and diagnostic services units of the soil.
* With the rotation system: soil nutrient imbalances, can use different rotation types of crops grown in india crops can absorb large amounts of nutrients in the soil and reduce the harm, or upland types of crops grown in india paddy crop rotation system, so that the state of nutritional balance, coupled with proper fertilization, can improve soil nutrient unbalanced missing. * Anti-constant fertilization: hillside when paddy crop rotation can not, rely on rainwater leaching of nutrients is too difficult, in addition to the above mentioned application of high maturity of organic matter, the excess can be antagonistic elements according remedy, such as phosphorus types of crops grown in india overdose caused types of crops grown in india by a lack of trace elements, namely deep irrigation or foliar fertilization fertilization supplement; such as potassium overdose can lead to magnesium types of crops grown in india deficiency, the use of anti-constant effect of magnesium types of crops grown in india sulfate or magnesium silicate magnesium fertilizer to significantly reduce some of the excess nutrients caused hazards. (Five) salts and heavy metals accumulated problems and pollution 1. Problems occur: pollution and improper irrigation water, salts or excessive use of chemical fertilizers, can cause accumulation of soil salts and heavy metals accumulate. Because the soil has the ability, although the adsorption of heavy metal salts and small amounts poured or applied into daily, in addition to soil conservation types of crops grown in india importance of the issue must be sucked water or crop loss, the result of long-term accumulated bound to accumulate causing the problem, it is .
Heavy metal pollution is not easy to wash away accumulated or remove (you can use a higher types of crops grown in india concentration of "Tian Wang" performed types of crops grown in india several times lavage soil leaching to achieve reduction effect off the solution, making the heavy metal molecules quickly restored after settling deep soil, no chelating ion-state mode other elements cause crop contamination), such as a small amount of contamination can still be added to the adsorption of organic matter to the dilution effect of reducing crop uptake;! such as severe pollution should not grow food crops or forage crops, to avoid contamination from entering the human food chain ; If you want to grow you need to carefully choose the non-food plants, such as timber plants, fibers and other special crops. Salts can also be solved with new soil or slightly heavy metal pollution problems, ways to dilute the soil, reduce the harm of high concentrations of salt or heavy metals, such as difficulty off the topsoil, and the use of subsoil, after administration of a large number types of crops grown in india of new soil organic matter can be greatly improved subsoil, to increase again after fertilizer types of crops grown in india application of fertilizer. (F) loss of topsoil Question 3. Solve the essentials of soil pests: the treatment types of crops grown in india of soil pests, including chemical treatment, physical treatment (such as temperature), biological treatment and other methods, in addition to the use of soil improver "Tian types of crops grown in india Wang", "king", "fast Harvest III" "Special One fat," "Three special fertilizer" in different ways chemistry, physics, biology and other soil improvement, so easy to multiply or increase crop pest resistance, and to control soil pests purposes. Such as administering agriculture dedicated calcareous material or such materials, the soil of the acid adjustment, also effective to improve the pest's; types of crops grown in india applying organic soil improvement, can also reduce soil diseases occur, it should be noted stool type of organic matter, such as untreated, prone to cause variety of bacterial infections or worms when buried types of crops grown in india in the soil is appropriate, may also reduce odor occur. Modern agricultural production of chemicals is essential prescription, safe use is not a big problem. Conservation of soil microorganisms, beneficial microorganisms against germs, this biological balance can not be ignored, improper or excessive use of agents, beneficial microbes in soil and rhizosphere microorganisms are harmful. (Viii) issues a cropping soil. Problems types of crops grown in india occur: Many dryland cropping often due to problems caused by the soil, due to different crops or cultivation, management, fertilization, may give rise to different cropping problem, the problem is generally types of crops grown in india nothing more than occurs in soil physical, chemical or biological, the Common bacteria or parasites breed is excessive, types of crops grown in india the implant metabolic toxic substances, types of crops grown in india salts accumulate, or nutrient types of crops grown in india imbalances caused.
3. Solve the problems cropping soils: soil problems often occur even for crops, it should not even be taken, rotation cultivation benefits are many, especially in upland paddy crop rotation is best. Except for soil problems even switching to other crops can also be applied in acidic soils "fast Harvest III", "Tian Wang", "king", "Special One fat" or calcareous material dedicated to improve agriculture or improve microbial acidification environment; may be applied to improve or grow organic green manure, organic matter decomposition of adsorbed toxic and toxic substances, and the effect of microbial balance, plus supplementary massive and Minor and trace elements, can reduce nutrient per imbalance. Biological role of checks and balances, types of crops grown in india but also beneficial microbes can be applied into the application. Another change in the soil environment (such as flooding, ted, etc.), but also prevents even for part of the problem. Even as the field often have a lot of aboveground or underground roots, the quality of these residues may also
